Vocabulary with Translations: Highway to the Future (and a few other words)

Nouns: persons, places, or things

the blizzard  暴 风 雪, tormenta de nieve, вьюга, عاصفة ثلجية عنيفة

the brain  脑, 大脑, cerebro, мозг, مخ، دماغ

the design  款式, 样式, 花纹, 图案,  diseño, дизайн, تصميم, رسم, طراز 

the destination 目的地, 终点, destino,  цель,

   وجهة  مقصد

the environment 自然环境, 环境, 周围状况, medio ambiente, entorno, hábitat natural, окружающая среда, البيئة 

the manufacturer  制造者, 生产者, 生产厂家, fabricante,  изготовитель, مؤسسة ، مصتع , منتِج  

the pattern  花样, 图案, 形状, 布局, diseño, dibujo, estampado,  узор, تصميم  رسم

the press conference  新闻发布会, conferencia de prensa, пресс-конференция, مؤتمر صحفي

the route  路径, 道路, camino, ruta, путь, дорога, طريق

the vehicle  汽车, 机车, 车辆, vehículo, автомашина, مركبة

the victim    

the visibility 能 见 度, visibilidad, видимость,

   مجال الرؤية

the wound 伤害, 伤痛, herida, рана, جُرح

Verbs: actions or states

to adjust  调整, 校准, ajustar, regular, пригоня́ть, عدّل

to avoid  避 免 (做 某 事), 防 止, evitar,  избегать, يتجنب

to recycle  重新利用, 回收利用, reciclar,  перерабатывать, يعيد استعمال

to run on (to use for energy) 运行, funcionar con, рабо́тает на, تعمل : هذه السيارة تعمل بالديزل

to warn  警 告 某 人,  advertir, предупреждать, يحذر ، ينذر

Adjectives

amazing 惊奇的, 惊人的, increíble,  поразительный, رائع

annual  年度的, 每年的, anual,  ежегодный , годовой, سنوي

current  当前的, 现在的, actual, en curso,  текущий, современный,حالي ، حاضر

fantastic  极好的, 极出色的, fantástico, фантастика, رائع

luxury  奢侈品, 精美昂贵之物, de lujo, роскошь,  رفاهية  رغد

solar  太阳能的, solar, солнечный, طاقة شمسية

Highway to the Future: Pre-Reading

Highway to the Future: Reading

Expressing the Future

Expressing the Future

Rule 1:  The most common way to express the future is with be going to + base form.

·     I’m going to go to the supermarket. Do you need anything?

Rule 2:  You can also express future time using present continuous form, but you must use a future time expression in the sentence (or in the previous sentence). If you don’t use a time expression, the time will be present tense.

·     She’s doing the laundry this afternoon. (present continuous form but future time)

·     She’s doing the laundry. (present form and present time: right now)

Rule 3:  happening very soon  When something is going to happen very soon, use

     be going to + base form.

·     Someone stop her! She’s going to get hit by a car! (A girl is chasing a ball into the street.)

·     Look at those black clouds! It’s going to rain any minute. Let’s go inside.

Rule 4:  weather  To predict (预 报, pronosticar, предска́зывать) the weather, we usually use

     be going to + base form. (Yes, we sometimes use will + base form, but in this class, use  be going to + base form.)

·     It’s going to rain tomorrow.

     You cannot use present continuous to predict the weather.

·     Wrong:  It’s raining tomorrow.

Rule 5:  quick decisions  Use will when you have just made a quick decision (决定, 抉择, реше́ние) or you’ve just thought of an idea, for example, after I think, I have an idea, or I know.

·     a.    What are you going to order? (in a restaurant)

         b.   Wait a second. I haven’t looked at the menu yet. (pause) I think I’ll order the hamburger combo.

·     Oh, no! The copy machine is jammed*, and the boss wants this right away.

(pause) I know, I’ll go downstairs and ask if I can use their machine.

      *卡 住 的 , hay atasco, заклинило, has stopped working because a piece of paper is stuck in it  

·     How am I going to contact all these people before tomorrow? (pause) I have an idea! I’ll call Mark and Bob and see if they can help me.

Rule 6:  schedules  When talking about schedules for planes, buses, and trains, departure and arrival times, etc., we often use simple present because we are referring to habitual (习惯的,惯常的, habitual, acostumbrado, привычный) events.

·     When does the next bus for Stockton leave? (It always leaves at the same time.)

·     Flight 742 arrives in San Francisco at 10:30 a.m. (every day)

Rule 7:  plans  To talk about plans and intentions (意图,打算,计划, план , намерение) and things we’ve already scheduled or planned, we normally use be going to + base form, not will.

·     Next week they’re going to visit Yosemite. (They made their plans to visit there two weeks ago.)

·     a.    What’s all that paint for? (=Why do you have all that paint?)

    b.   Didn’t I tell you? I’m going to repaint the bedroom this weekend. 

Rule 8:  if  When one clause begins with if, the other clause often uses will. (not always!)

·     If you tell anyone, I’ll never speak to you again.

          1                            2

Future: (It snow tomorrow!)

Make grammatically correct sentences. Should you use will, be going to + base form, present continuous, or simple present? (Sometimes two forms are O.K.) Rewrite the sentences in parentheses.

1.  a.  (It snow tomorrow!)→                                                                           Rule #__

     b.  Where did you hear that??

     a.  On the news.

     b.  I don’t believe it. I’ve lived here for 20 years, and it has never snowed.

2.  a.  (Speaking to the waiter) I’m going to have the hamburger combo. What about you, Mark?                                                                                                          

     b.  I don’t know. Everything looks so good.

     a.  Well, make up your mind! (=decide) We only have 30 minutes for lunch, you know!

     b.  (To the waiter)(I think I get the chicken burrito.) →                                Rule #__

3.  a.  (What you do right after class?) →                                                         Rule #__

     b.  Why?

     a.  I need someone to help me with my homework.

4.  a.  (When the next train for Sacramento leave?) →                                     Rule #__

     b.  For Sacramento?  Here’s a schedule.  Let’s take a look. Sacramento…8:30. Then at 8:45 and 9:00. They leave every fifteen minutes in peak hours*.

              *peak hours: the busiest times of the day. For transportation, peak hours are when people go to work and come home, usually from 7:30-9:00 a.m. and 4:30-6:30 p.m.

1.    a.    What are you going to do right after class? or                    è happening right away or very soon

             What are you doing right after class?

       b.    Why?

       a.    I need someone to help me with my homework.

2.    a.    It’s going to snow tomorrow!                                                                 è  to predict* the weather

       b.    Where did you hear that??                                                             *预 言, predecir, предсказывать

       a.    On the news.

       b.    I don’t believe it. I’ve lived here for 20 years,

             and it has never snowed.

3.    a.    Here comes the waitress. What are you going to order?     è happening right away or very soon

             or: What are you ordering?

       b.    Wait a second. I haven’t looked at the menu yet.

       a.    Well, hurry up. We only have 30 minutes for lunch!

       b.    OK! I think I’ll get the chicken burrito.                                è  a quick decision (I know, I think…)

4.    a.    When does the next train for Sacramento leave?               è a schedule, a habitual* event/action

       b.    For Sacramento?  Here’s a schedule.  Let’s take a look. *习惯的, 惯常的, habitual, acostumbrado, привычный

             Sacramento…8:30. Then at 8:45 and 9:00. They leave

             every fifteen minutes in peak hours.